history of nz

Typical occupations in relief work included road work (undertaken by 45% of all part-time and 19% of all full-time relief workers in 1934, with park improvement works (17%) and farm work (31%) being the other two most common types of work for part-time and full-time relief workers respectively). Sharon Keating is the author of "New Orleans Then and Now," and has been a licensed tour guide for the City of New Orleans for over a decade. New Zealand (‘Aotearoa’ in Maori) is an island country in the South Pacific Ocean. John Crawford, and James Watson. In 1973 Britain joined the European Community and abrogated its preferential trade agreements with New Zealand, forcing New Zealand to not only find new markets but also re-examine its national identity and place in the world. By 1910 they were campaigning for peace, and against compulsory military training, and conscription. In areas where it was possible to grow taro and kūmara, horticulture became more important. The aim of total free trade between the two countries was achieved in 1990, five years ahead of schedule.[163]. [49] https://natlib.govt.nz/collections/a-z/new-zealand-web-archive [27], The effect of contact on Māori varied. However it soon became clear that they had underestimated the number of settlers that would arrive in their lands. Learn more about how our cultural diversity came about in this young country. Shopping. Don't buy an insurance write-off, stolen car or a car about to be repossessed. To deal with the issue of land distribution, they worked out innovative solutions to access, tenure, and a graduated tax on unimproved values. [7], Pollen evidence of widespread forest fires a decade or two before the eruptions has been interpreted by some scientists as a possible sign of human presence, leading to a suggested first settlement period of 1280–1320 CE. After the conclusion of the wars some iwi, especially in the Waikato, such as Ngati Haua sold land freely. Many iwi owned flour mills, ships and other items of European technology, some exported food to Australia for a brief period during the 1850s gold rush. Māori were the first to arrive in New Zealand, journeying in canoes from Hawaiki about 1,000 years ago. By Tim Lambert. Māori history Māori are tangata whenua — people of the land. History. Te Tai Treaty Settlement Stories aims to increase awareness and understanding of Treaty settlements and their impact. [2] From the late 18th century, the country was regularly visited by explorers and other sailors, missionaries, traders and adventurers. [155] Robert Muldoon, Prime Minister from 1975 to 1984, and his Third National Government responded to the crises of the 1970s by attempting to preserve the New Zealand of the 1950s. 15,000 images of the RNZAF's history from the Air Force Museum of New Zealand; 9,700 images of the Presbyterian church's history from the Presbyterian Research Centre Explore it all. Keep browsing if you're happy with this. [144][145], Labour remained in power after the Second World War and in 1945, Labour Prime Minister Peter Fraser played an important role in the establishment of the United Nations, of which New Zealand was a founding member. The Dominion High Commissioners in Wartime Britain, 1938–42". [127][128], New Zealand forces captured Western Samoa from Germany in the early stages of the war,[125] and New Zealand administered the country until Samoan Independence in 1962. While retaining some ties to the British Crown, New Zealand has become a proud nation in its own right. Located in stunning landscapes and rich with stories, they offer some of our best heritage experiences. The New Zealand Geographic Board Ngā Pou Taunaha o Aotearoa, which is New Zealand’s place naming authority responsible for making place names official, is an independent statutory board that LINZ provides administrative services for. [84][85], Feminists by the 1880s were using the rhetoric of "white slavery" to reveal men's sexual and social oppression of women. [161], However, Muldoon's government was not entirely backward looking. It included free health care and education, and state assistance for the elderly, infirm, and unemployed. The practical effect of the Treaty was, in the beginning, only gradually felt, especially in predominantly Māori regions, where the settler government had little or no authority. [160], The country's economy suffered in the aftermath of the 1973 global energy crisis, the loss of New Zealand's biggest export market upon Britain's entry to the European Economic Community, and rampant inflation. Polly Plum),[82] and Ellen Ellis. Life expectancy grew from 49 years in 1926 to 60 years in 1961 and the total numbers grew rapidly. They were that Māori history was the foundational and continuous history of Aotearoa New Zealand; colonisation and its … A Concise History of New Zealand places New Zealand in its global and regional context. By the 1840s, however, large scale sheep stations were exporting large quantities of wool to the textile mills of England. Among other issues, it plans to tackle a burgeoning housing shortage crisis in New Zealand. Early Māori explorers. [183], The Fifth Labour Government led by Helen Clark was formed following the December 1999 election. Māori were the first inhabitants of New Zealand or Aotearoa, guided by Kupe the great navigator. Over 100 years elapsed before Europeans returned to New Zealand; in 1769, British naval captain James Cook of HM Bark Endeavour visited New Zealand, and coincidentally, only two months later, Frenchman Jean-François-Marie de Surville, in command of his own expedition, reached the country. [164] In power from 1984 to 1990, the Labour government launched a major policy of restructuring the economy, radically reducing the role of government. Archives New Zealand Te Rua Mahara O te Kāwanatanga, Wellington. The New Zealand Journal of History is published twice yearly, in April and October, by the University of Auckland.It is currently edited by Professor Linda Bryder from the University of Auckland, and Associate Professor Lyndon Fraser from the University of Canterbury. The oral-history movement in the United States was launched at Columbia in 1948. [142], Over £50 million was spent on defence works and military accommodation and hospitals, including 292 mi (470 km) of roads. Many also fought in Disputes over the differing translations of the Treaty and settler desire to acquire land from Māori led to the New Zealand Wars from 1843. This page was last edited on 10 May 2021, at 17:41. Name: New Zealand, named after the Dutch province of Zeeland, or Aotearoa(in Maori, meaning: land of the long white cloud) 2. An Irish immigrant, Riley resided in Boston, Massachusetts. [139], When war broke out in 1939, New Zealanders saw their proper role as defending their proud place in the British Empire. In 1865 Parliament defeated a proposal to make the South Island independent by 17 to 31. If playback doesn't begin shortly, try restarting your device. Renowned playwright and activist Lorraine Hansberry’s former New York City residence has been added to the National Register of Historic Places. [148], Fedorowich and Bridge argue that the demands of the Second World War produced long-term consequences for New Zealand's relationship with the government in London. The noodle is born. Like other Pacific cultures, Māori society was centred on kinship links and connection with the land but, unlike them, it was adapted to a cool, temperate environment rather than a warm, tropical one. From the 1890s the New Zealand Parliament enacted a number of progressive initiatives, including women's suffrage and old age pensions. 2,000 miles (3,200 km) of road had been opened, and electric telegraph lines increased from 699 miles (1,125 km) in 1866 to 3,170 miles (5,100 km) in 1876. The value of trade increased fivefold from £2 million to £10 million. One such conflict was the Northern or Flagstaff War of the 1840s, during which Kororareka was sacked. Many men were hostile however, and she was defeated for re-election. But 718 miles (1,156 km) of railway had been built with 427 miles (687 km) under construction. [5] The 1999 dating of some kiore (Polynesian rat) bones to as early as 100 CE[6] was later found to be an error; new samples of rat bone (and also of rat-gnawed shells and woody seed cases) mostly gave dates later than the Tarawera eruption with only three samples giving slightly earlier dates. The capital city is Wellington and the largest urban area Auckland. The passage of 120,000 was paid by the colonial government. Dominion status was a public mark of the self-governance that had evolved over half a century through responsible government. In 1933, 8.5% of the unemployed were organised in work camps, while the rest received work close to their homes. Land was used communally but under the mana of chiefs. [192] In foreign policy, Key announced the withdrawal of New Zealand Defence Force personnel from their deployment in the war in Afghanistan, and signed the Wellington Declaration with the United States. In 1935, the First Labour Government was elected, and the post-depression decade showed that average Labour support in New Zealand had roughly doubled comparable to pre-depression times. 1850s • 1858 Te Wherowhero becomes first Maori King. [42] The jurisdiction of the Supreme Court of New South Wales over New Zealand was initiated in the New South Wales Act 1823, and lesser offences were included at that time. The exact date of the first arrival of the Polynesians is still debated but according to the legend there was a Polynesian explorer named Kupe who arrived in these lands in the AD 950. Philippa Mein Smith is Professor of History at the University of Canterbury. The required capital came mainly from outside of New Zealand. You'll find amazing Māori historic sites and taonga (treasures) - as well as beautiful colonial-era buildings - dotted throughout the country. [78] The public debt had increased from £7.8 million in 1870 to £18.6 million in 1876. In 1642, Dutch explorer Abel Tasman was the first European to discover New Zealand. New York City in the 19th Century . [154] Irrespective of political developments, many New Zealanders still perceived themselves as a distinctive outlying branch of the United Kingdom until at least the 1970s. [194], On 15 March 2019, a lone terrorist shooter attacked two mosques during Friday Prayer, killing 51 people and injuring 40 more,[195][196] and live streamed the attack. There’s a lot to discover in DigitalNZ, so we’ve made some guides to help your search. They came to Aotearoa from Polynesia in the 13th century and created a new language and culture. Competition for land was one important cause of the New Zealand Wars of the 1860s and 1870s, in which the Taranaki and Waikato regions were invaded by colonial troops and Māori of these regions had some of their land taken from them. Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern, who referred to the attack as "one of New Zealand's darkest days",[197] led efforts to support the Muslim community[198] and ban semi-automatic rifles. As a consequence the Labour party was able to jettison its support for socialism in 1927 (a policy made official in 1951), as it expanded its reach into middle class constituencies. They made national security a high priority, were sceptical of international institutions, and showed no interest on the questions of self-determination, democracy, and human rights. • New Zealand in History – an overview of pre-historic, colonial and modern periods. The sheltered bays are popular for sailing & kayaking. [26] In 1835 the country's first successful printing was two books from the Bible produced by Church Missionary Society printer William Colenso, translated into Māori by the Rev. The quality of education provided varied substantially depending on the school. New Zealand has a rich and fascinating history, reflecting our unique mix of Māori and European culture. The result was slow but stable growth that avoided bubbles and led to long-lived family owned firms. [152], From the 1890s, the economy had been based almost entirely on the export of frozen meat and dairy products to Britain, and in 1961, the share of New Zealand exports going to the United Kingdom was still at slightly over 51%, with approximately 15% going to other European countries. In Māori culture, there was no such idea as selling land until the arrival of Europeans. Tribes with muskets would attack tribes without them, killing or enslaving many. In 1834 he encouraged Māori chiefs to assert their sovereignty with the signing of the Declaration of Independence (He Whakaputanga) in 1835. While the history of this new shape has been heavily documented, including in a five-part podcast, the story behind how pasta got its shape is a bit murkier. In 1835, the peaceful Moriori of the Chatham Islands were attacked, enslaved, and nearly exterminated by mainland Ngāti Mutunga and Ngāti Tama Māori. New Zealand has been shaped by volcanic activity and some of its volcanoes are still active. [141] The Labour party was in power and promoted unionisation and the welfare state. [28][29], The first European settlement was at Rangihoua Pā where the first full-blooded European infant in the territory, Thomas Holloway King, was born on 21 February 1815 at the Oihi Mission Station near Hohi Bay[30] in the Bay of Islands. The pre-war era saw the advent of party politics, with the establishment of the Liberal Government. European (Pākehā) settlement increased through the early decades of the 19th century, with numerous trading stations established, especially in the North Island. The Polynesians arrived in Aotearoa by canoe. They gave Scots a path to assimilation and cultural integration as Scottish New Zealanders. [57], The Church of England sponsored the Canterbury Association colony with assisted passages from Great Britain in the early 1850s. Budget 2021: $2b in new education spending to target future changes, historic payroll mistakes. Their crews traded European goods, including guns and metal tools, for Māori food, water, wood, flax and sex. The precise date of settlement is a matter of debate, but current understanding is that the first arrivals came from East Polynesia in the 13th century. This was not possible in the south of the South Island, but wild plants such as fernroot were often available and cabbage trees were harvested and cultivated for food. [67] Subsequently, their numbers began to recover. The country's economy suffered in the aftermath of the 1973 global energy crisis, the loss of New Zealand's biggest export market upon Britain's entry to the European Economic Community, and rampant inflation. It contributed some 120,000 troops. Māori values and practices — in contact with Europeans. [112], In the 1870s Julius Vogel's grand go-ahead policy of borrowing overseas had increased the public debt from £7.8 million in 1870 to £18.6 million in 1876, but had constructed many miles of railways, roads and telegraph lines and attracted many new migrants. From missionaries, the Māori learnt not just about Christianity but also about European farming practices and trades, and how to read and write. D. Ian Pool, "Post-War Trends in Maori Population Growth". [50] In reaction to the New Zealand Company's moves, on 15 June 1839 the issue of new Letters Patent expanded the territory of New South Wales to include all of New Zealand. From the 1930s the economy was highly regulated and an extensive welfare state was developed. 1840 - Treaty of Waitangi between British and several Maori tribes pledges protection of Maori land and establishes British law in New Zealand. Pre-European society. The market for land seized up. [97], The South Island was home to most of the Pākehā population until around 1911 when the North Island again took the lead, and has supported an ever-greater majority of the country's total population through the 20th century and into the 21st. The wars and confiscation left bitterness that remains to this day. Columbia celebrated its bicentennial in 1954 during a period of steady expansion. There was also increasing concern that this trend was badly managed, with it being noted that there was an "ill-defined urban pattern that appears to have few of the truly desirable urban qualities and yet manifests no compensating rural characteristics". Learn More. From the 1790s, the waters around New Zealand were visited by British, French and American whaling, sealing and trading ships. Due to its Eurocentric rules, the high fees, its location remote from the lands in question, and unfair practices by some Pākehā land agents, its main effect was to allow Māori to sell their land without restraint from other tribal members. British explorer James Cook, who reached New Zealand in October 1769 on the first of his three voyages, was the first European to circumnavigate and map New Zealand. Local banks – notably the Bank of New Zealand and the Colonial Bank of New Zealand — were "reckless" and permitted "a frenzy of private borrowing". When the British Labour Party took power in 1924 and 1929, the New Zealand government felt threatened by Labour's foreign policy because of its reliance upon the League of Nations. In this period, fortified pā became more common, although there is debate about the actual frequency of warfare. After these came the iwi or tribe, consisting of groups of hapū. [157] Māori culture had meanwhile undergone a renaissance thanks in part to politician Āpirana Ngata. [99] The settlement of Scots in the Deep South is reflected in the lasting predominance of Presbyterianism in the South Island.[100]. A significant number refused to sign or were not asked but, in total, more than five hundred Māori eventually signed. [60][61], Māori had welcomed Pākehā for the trading opportunities and guns they brought. For example, tourism ventures were established by Te Arawa around Rotorua. The Liberal Party set out to change that by a policy it called "populism". He argued that the Pākehā could not be trusted to pass laws that would protect the interests of the Māori majority – already there had been Treaty violations – and persuaded his political superiors to postpone its introduction for five years. The Union Jack in the first quarter recognises New Zealand’s historical origins as a colony of the British Empire. Various claims have been made that New Zealand was reached by other non-Polynesian voyagers before Tasman, but these are not widely accepted. Peter J. Coleman, "The New Zealand Welfare State: Origins and Reflections", sfn error: no target: CITEREFLloyd_Pritchard1970 (. [188], Foreign policy has been essentially independent since the mid-1980s. In 1645 Dutch cartographers changed the name to Nova Zeelandia in Latin, from Nieuw Zeeland, after the Dutch province of Zeeland.[16]. [4], In New Zealand there are no human artifacts or remains dating earlier than the Kaharoa Tephra, a layer of volcanic debris deposited by the Mount Tarawera eruption around 1314 CE. Company prospectuses did not always tell the truth, and often colonists would only find out the reality once they had arrived in New Zealand. Prominent feminist writers included Mary Taylor,[81] Mary Colclough (pseud. [80] Middle-class women employed the media (especially newspapers) to communicate with each other and define their priorities. The first Europeans known to reach New Zealand were the crew of Dutch explorer Abel Tasman who arrived in his ships Heemskerck and Zeehaen. cultural diversity came about in this young country. These settlements had access to some of the richest plains in the country and after refrigerated ships appeared in 1882, they developed into closely settled regions of small-scale farming. Ao means “cloud”, tea means “white”, and roa means “long”. [73] With an economy based on agriculture, the landscape was transformed from forest to farmland. In some inland areas life went on more or less unchanged, although a European metal tool such as a fish-hook or hand axe might be acquired through trade with other tribes. [162] In the 1984 elections Labour promised to calm down the increasing tensions, while making no specific promises; it scored a landslide victory. Gold discoveries in Otago (1861) and Westland (1865), caused a worldwide gold rush that more than doubled the population in a short period, from 71,000 in 1859 to 164,000 in 1863. Māori tribes that had been close to the government sent their young men to volunteer. New South Wales - New South Wales - History: Human remains discovered in 1968 and 1974 at Mungo in southwestern New South Wales are the oldest so far uncovered in Australia, dating from about 46,000 to 50,000 years ago. Traditional Māori society preserved history orally through narratives, songs, and chants; skilled experts could recite the tribal genealogies (whakapapa) back for hundreds of years. Budget 2021: ACC-style unemployment insurance scheme proposed by Government . New Zealand never had an aristocracy but it did have wealthy landowners who largely controlled politics before 1891. An Economic History of New Zealand in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries. (There were a few highly publicised but ineffective Japanese scouting incursions.) Sharon Keating. Info. The Liberals proclaimed success in forging an egalitarian, anti-monopoly land policy. Share. 8 minutes ago. Dunedin became the wealthiest city in the country and many in the South Island resented financing the North Island's wars. [158] By the 1980s 80% of the Māori population was urban, in contrast to only 20% before the Second World War. The NZASW had campaigned vigorously against the minimalist government policy on the reorganisation of the social services. New Zealand was first settled by Polynesians from Eastern Polynesia. Create something with us. The women argued that women-hood (thanks to motherhood) was the repository of superior moral values and concerns and from their domestic experience they knew best how to resolve conflicts. Since 1861 the Bank of New Zealand has been a part of New Zealand’s social and economic history. New Zealand depended on Britain's Royal Navy for its military security during the 1920s and 1930s. From the 1950s Māori began moving to the cities in large numbers, and Māori culture underwent a renaissance. In 1642, The nation spent £574 million on the war, of which 43% came from taxes, 41% from loans and 16% from American Lend Lease. https://www.gorentals.co.nz/explore/blog/10-famous-new-zealanders The new Governor, George Grey, suspended the plans. Pioneer pastoralists, often men with experience as squatters in Australia, leased lands from the government at the annual rate of £5 plus £1 for each 1,000 sheep above the first 5,000. 1. [169], Strong criticism of Rogernomics came from the left, especially from Labour's traditional trade union support-base; Lange broke with Douglas's policies in 1987; both men were forced out and Labour was in confusion. Though actual unemployment numbers were not officially counted, the country was affected especially strongly in the North Island. At the other end of the scale, tribes that frequently encountered Europeans, such as Ngāpuhi in Northland, underwent major changes. According to the future Governor, Captain Arthur Phillip's amended Commission, dated 25 April 1787 the colony of New South Wales included "all the islands adjacent in the Pacific Ocean within the latitudes of 10°37'S and 43°39'S" which included most of New Zealand except for the southern half of the South Island. 20th and 21st Century New Zealand While retaining some ties to the British Crown, New Zealand has become a proud nation in its own right. Historians have debated whether the "long depression" of the late 19th century stifled investment, but the New Zealanders found a way around adverse conditions. In 1839 the New Zealand Company announced plans to buy large tracts of land and to establish colonies in New Zealand. By 1935 economic conditions had improved somewhat, and the new government had more positive financial conditions. Jon Henning, "New Zealand: An Antipodean Exception to Master and Servant Rules". It consistently advocated negotiations with Nazi Germany, signed a trade agreement with it, welcomed the Munich agreement of 1938 regarding the division of Czechoslovakia, discouraged public criticism of the Nazi regime, and pursued a slow rearmament programme. Waiau Lodge Hotel. Pākehā had little understanding of Māori views on land and accused Māori of holding onto land they did not use efficiently. 1840s • 1845 to 1866 The New Zealand Wars / Ngā pakanga o Aotearoa. What we often miss is how those facets fit together. In order to increase production, alongside a more intensive use of factor inputs a transformation of production techniques was necessary. In February 2011, a major earthquake in Christchurch, the nation's third-largest urban area, significantly impacted the national economy and the government formed the Canterbury Earthquake Recovery Authority in response. View the Historical Timeline of the Ministry of Social Development, from 1904 through to March 2017. Gwen Parsons, "The New Zealand Home Front during World War One and World War Two". In response to increased petitioning for self-governance from the growing number of British settlers, the British Parliament passed the New Zealand Constitution Act 1852, setting up a central government with an elected General Assembly (Parliament) and six provincial governments. As the gold boom ended, Colonial Treasurer and later (from 1873) Premier Julius Vogel borrowed money from British investors and launched in 1870 an ambitious programme of public works and infrastructure investment, together with a policy of assisted immigration. [170], In keeping with the mood of the 1980s[171] the government sponsored liberal policies and initiatives in a number of social areas; this included Homosexual Law Reform,[172] the introduction of 'no-fault divorce', reduction in the gender pay gap[171] and the drafting of a Bill of Rights. By the late 1960s a Māori protest movement had emerged to combat racism, promote Māori culture and seek fulfilment of the Treaty of Waitangi. New Balance was founded as New Balance Arch Support Company in 1906 by William J. Riley. Its royal blue background is derived from the ensign of … The colony gained responsible government in the 1850s. It denounced Italy's role in Ethiopia and sympathized with the republican forces in the Spanish Civil War. [130], More than 2700 men died in the Gallipoli Campaign. In 1840, the Treaty of Waitangi was signed, an agreement between the British Crown and Maori. [26], Pre-European Māori had no distance weapons except for tao (spears)[32] and the introduction of the musket had an enormous impact on Māori warfare. This growth mandated a major campus building program in the 1960s, and, by the end of the decade, five of the University's schools were housed in new buildings. The name "New Zealand" comes from “Zeeland” (which translates to "Sealand") in Dutch, after Because of the vast distances involved, the first settlers were self-sufficient farmers. Jack H. Nagel, "Social Choice in a Pluralitarian Democracy: The Politics of Market Liberalization in New Zealand". Museum notebook: A history of car registration plates in New Zealand 2 May, 2021 05:00 PM 4 minutes to read One of the early AA Road Service vehicles, an Austin Seven. [136] Prime Minister Michael Joseph Savage proclaimed that: "Social Justice must be the guiding principle and economic organization must adapt itself to social needs. The arrival of Europeans. Heke believed that Māori had lost their status and their country to the British despite the assurances embodied in the Treaty of Waitangi. The British subsequently took copies of the Treaty around the islands of New Zealand for signature by other chiefs. The first European explorer known to sight New Zealand was Dutch navigator Abel Tasman on 13 December 1642. What had been the Empire's most loyal dominion became a dissenter as it opposed efforts the first and second British Labour governments to trust the League's framework of arbitration and collective security agreements. Become a partner. New Zealand : History. Tasman anchored at the northern end of the South Island in Golden Bay (he named it Murderers' Bay) in December 1642 and sailed northward to Tonga following an attack by local Māori. It made it easier for a court to punish "murders or manslaughters committed in places not within His Majesty's dominions",[41] and the Governor of New South Wales was given increased legal authority over New Zealand. [90] Hutching argues that after 1890 women were increasingly well organised through the National Council of Women, the Women's Christian Temperance Union, the Women's International League, and others. Some 400,000 settlers came from Britain, of whom 300,000 stayed permanently. Watch later. The Reform Party and the United Party merged to become the National Party, and would be Labour's main rival in future years. Following the election National was returned to power in coalition with the New Zealand First Party. The Maori. 1840s • 1840 Treaty of Waitangi signed. [208], Map of the New Zealand coastline as Cook charted it on his, This in the context of British trade with China and the lead up to the, Michael King, "The Penguin History of New Zealand" (2003) pp 171–172. David Littlewood, "Conscription in Britain, New Zealand, Australia and Canada during the Second World War,".

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